Female athletes endure two to eight times more anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, injuries than their male counterparts. Genes are likely a major factor, according to Dr. William Landis, G. Stafford Whitby Chair in Polymer Science at The University of Akron, in Ohio, and Dr. Kerwyn Jones, Chair of Pediatric Orthopedics for Akron Children's Hospital. The findings could change the way women athletes receive sports training and treatment for their injuries and could possibly lead to genetic counseling regarding athletic participation. Dr. Jones and Dr. Landis have been probing the significant gap in ACL injury occurrence among young women and men athletes for years, exploring other potential factors such as hormones and the gait or stance of women as compared to men. "We wondered about the influence of genes and how they might affect the structure or integrity of these ligaments," Dr. Landis says, explaining that he and Dr. Jones examined 14 fresh surgical samples of ruptured ligament tissue taken from both female and male athletes who suffered non-contact injuries of the tissues. "After some very detailed and extensive analysis through gene microarray techniques, we discovered 32 genes that were expressed to much different degrees in the female injured ligaments compared with those of males." Of the 32 expressed genes, the researchers closely examined three that gave rise to specific proteins related to ligament structure and integrity. They discovered that all three genes regulated ligament tissue in a much different manner in female compared to male tissue. "The differences clearly may account for weaker anterior cruciate ligaments in the females compared to the males," Dr. Landis says.
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